{"id":83,"date":"2025-06-24T08:53:58","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T00:53:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/1.14.207.80\/?p=83"},"modified":"2025-06-24T08:53:59","modified_gmt":"2025-06-24T00:53:59","slug":"linux%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80%ef%bc%88%e7%a1%ac%e9%93%be%e6%8e%a5%e3%80%81%e8%bd%af%e9%93%be%e6%8e%a5%e3%80%81%e7%94%a8%e6%88%b7%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e3%80%81%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e3%80%81vm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/2025\/06\/24\/linux%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80%ef%bc%88%e7%a1%ac%e9%93%be%e6%8e%a5%e3%80%81%e8%bd%af%e9%93%be%e6%8e%a5%e3%80%81%e7%94%a8%e6%88%b7%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e3%80%81%e6%96%87%e4%bb%b6%e7%ae%a1%e7%90%86%e3%80%81vm\/","title":{"rendered":"Linux\u57fa\u7840\uff08\u786c\u94fe\u63a5\u3001\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5\u3001\u7528\u6237\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u6587\u4ef6\u7ba1\u7406\u3001VM\u7f16\u8f91\u5668\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u4e00\u3001\u786c\u94fe\u63a5<\/strong><\/h4>\n
    \n
  1. \u672c\u8d28<\/strong>\n
      \n
    • \u540c\u4e00\u7269\u7406\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u540d\u79f0\uff08inode\u76f8\u540c\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • \u7279\u6027<\/strong>
      graph LR\nA[\u6587\u4ef61] --> C[\u7269\u7406\u6570\u636e]\nB[\u6587\u4ef62] --> C\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
        \n
      • \u521b\u5efa\uff1aln source link_name<\/code><\/li>\n
      • \u94fe\u63a5\u6570\u9012\u589e<\/li>\n
      • \u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u4ec5\u51cf\u5c11\u94fe\u63a5\u6570<\/li>\n
      • \u9650\u5236<\/strong>\uff1a\n
          \n
        • \u274c \u8de8\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n
        • \u274c \u76ee\u5f55<\/li>\n
        • \u274c \u4e0d\u540c\u6587\u4ef6\u7cfb\u7edf<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          \u4e8c\u3001\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5<\/strong><\/h4>\n
            \n
          1. \u672c\u8d28<\/strong>\n
              \n
            • \u72ec\u7acb\u6587\u4ef6\u5b58\u50a8\u76ee\u6807\u8def\u5f84\uff08inode\u4e0d\u540c\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
            • \u7279\u6027<\/strong>
              graph LR\nA[\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5] --> B[\u76ee\u6807\u6587\u4ef6]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
                \n
              • \u521b\u5efa\uff1aln -s target link_name<\/code><\/li>\n
              • \u652f\u6301\uff1a\n
                  \n
                • \u2705 \u8de8\u5206\u533a<\/li>\n
                • \u2705 \u76ee\u5f55<\/li>\n
                • \u2705 \u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84\uff08\u76f8\u5bf9\u4e8e\u94fe\u63a5\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff09<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
                • \u5371\u9669\u64cd\u4f5c<\/strong>
                  rm symlink     # \u5b89\u5168\u5220\u9664\u94fe\u63a5\nrm symlink\/    # \u707e\u96be! \u5220\u9664\u76ee\u6807\u5185\u5bb9\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                  \u4e09\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \u7279\u6027<\/strong><\/th>\n\u786c\u94fe\u63a5<\/th>\n\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                  \u672c\u8d28<\/strong><\/td>\n\u540c\u4e00\u6587\u4ef6<\/td>\n\u72ec\u7acb\u6587\u4ef6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  inode<\/strong><\/td>\n\u76f8\u540c<\/td>\n\u4e0d\u540c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u8de8\u5206\u533a<\/strong><\/td>\n\u274c \u4e0d\u652f\u6301<\/td>\n\u2705 \u652f\u6301<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u76ee\u5f55\u652f\u6301<\/strong><\/td>\n\u274c \u4e0d\u652f\u6301<\/td>\n\u2705 \u652f\u6301<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u76f8\u5bf9\u8def\u5f84<\/strong><\/td>\n\u57fa\u4e8e\u5f53\u524d\u76ee\u5f55<\/td>\n\u57fa\u4e8e\u94fe\u63a5\u6587\u4ef6\u4f4d\u7f6e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u6587\u4ef6\u5927\u5c0f<\/strong><\/td>\n\u4e0e\u6e90\u6587\u4ef6\u76f8\u540c<\/td>\n\u8def\u5f84\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u957f\u5ea6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u94fe\u63a5\u6570\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/td>\n\u521b\u5efa+1\uff0c\u5220\u9664-1<\/td>\n\u65e0\u5f71\u54cd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                  \n
                  \u7528\u6237\u4e0e\u7ec4\u6743\u9650\u4f53\u7cfb<\/h3>\n
                  \u4e00\u3001\u5b89\u5168\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                  graph TD\nA[\u8ba4\u8bc1 Authentication] --> B[\u6388\u6743 Authorization]\nB --> C[\u5ba1\u8ba1 Auditing]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
                  \u4e8c\u3001\u7528\u6237\u6807\u8bc6<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                  \u7528\u6237\u7c7b\u578b<\/strong><\/th>\nUID\u8303\u56f4<\/strong><\/th>\n\u7528\u9014<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                  root<\/td>\n0<\/td>\n\u8d85\u7ea7\u7528\u6237<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u7cfb\u7edf\u7528\u6237<\/td>\n1-999 (CentOS 7+)<\/td>\n\u670d\u52a1\u8fdb\u7a0b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                  \u767b\u5f55\u7528\u6237<\/td>\n1000+<\/td>\n\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u7528\u6237<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                  \u67e5\u770b\u547d\u4ee4<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n
                  id -u username  # \u67e5\u770bUID\nid -g username  # \u67e5\u770b\u4e3b\u7ec4ID\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
                  \u4e09\u3001\u914d\u7f6e\u6587\u4ef6<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                    \n
                  1. \n
                    \u6838\u5fc3\u6587\u4ef6<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n
                    \/etc\/passwd    # \u7528\u6237\u5c5e\u6027\n\/etc\/shadow    # \u5bc6\u7801\u53ca\u7b56\u7565\n\/etc\/group     # \u7ec4\u4fe1\u606f\n\/etc\/gshadow   # \u7ec4\u5bc6\u7801\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
                  2. \n
                    passwd\u5b57\u6bb5\u89e3\u6790<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n
                    username:x:1000:1000:\u6ce8\u91ca:\/home\/user:\/bin\/bash\n\u2191         \u2191 \u2191    \u2191   \u2191    \u2191         \u2191\n\u7528\u6237\u540d    \u5bc6\u7801 UID GID \u5907\u6ce8     \u5bb6\u76ee\u5f55    Shell\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
                  3. \n
                    shadow\u5b89\u5168\u5b57\u6bb5<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n
                    user:$6$salt$hash:18647:0:99999:7:::\n\u2191   \u2191            \u2191     \u2191  \u2191  \u2191   \u2191\n\u7528\u6237 \u52a0\u5bc6\u5bc6\u7801     \u6700\u540e\u4fee\u6539 \u6700\u5c0f \u6700\u5927 \u8b66\u544a\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                    \u56db\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u547d\u4ee4<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                    \u64cd\u4f5c<\/strong><\/th>\n\u7528\u6237\u547d\u4ee4<\/th>\n\u7ec4\u547d\u4ee4<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                    \u521b\u5efa<\/strong><\/td>\nuseradd -m user<\/code><\/td>\ngroupadd devs<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u4fee\u6539<\/strong><\/td>\nusermod -g devs user<\/code><\/td>\ngroupmod -n team devs<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u5220\u9664<\/strong><\/td>\nuserdel -r user<\/code><\/td>\ngroupdel team<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                    \u5bc6\u7801<\/strong><\/td>\npasswd user<\/code><\/td>\ngpasswd -a user team<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                    \n
                    \u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650\u7ba1\u7406<\/h3>\n
                    \u4e00\u3001\u6743\u9650\u6a21\u578b<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                    graph LR\n\u8fdb\u7a0b -->|\u5c5e\u4e3b\u5339\u914d| U[\u5c5e\u4e3b\u6743\u9650]\n\u8fdb\u7a0b -->|\u5c5e\u7ec4\u5339\u914d| G[\u5c5e\u7ec4\u6743\u9650]\n\u8fdb\u7a0b --> O[\u5176\u4ed6\u6743\u9650]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
                    \u4e8c\u3001\u6743\u9650\u64cd\u4f5c<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                      \n
                    1. \n
                      \u66f4\u6539\u5f52\u5c5e<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n
                      chown user:group file  # \u540c\u65f6\u4fee\u6539\u5c5e\u4e3b\u548c\u5c5e\u7ec4\nchgrp devs dir\/        # \u9012\u5f52\u4fee\u6539\u76ee\u5f55\u5c5e\u7ec4\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
                    2. \n
                      \u6743\u9650\u8bbe\u7f6e<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n
                      chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o= file  # \u7b26\u53f7\u6cd5\nchmod 750 file            # \u6570\u5b57\u6cd5 (7=rwx, 5=r-x)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                      \u4e09\u3001\u76ee\u5f55\u6743\u9650\u6df1\u5ea6<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \u6743\u9650<\/strong><\/th>\n\u6587\u4ef6<\/strong><\/th>\n\u76ee\u5f55<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      r<\/strong><\/td>\n\u8bfb\u53d6\u5185\u5bb9<\/td>\n\u67e5\u770b\u6587\u4ef6\u540d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      w<\/strong><\/td>\n\u4fee\u6539\u5185\u5bb9<\/td>\n\u521b\u5efa\/\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      x<\/strong><\/td>\n\u6267\u884c\u7a0b\u5e8f<\/td>\n\u8fdb\u5165\u76ee\u5f55+\u8bbf\u95ee\u5143\u6570\u636e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      –<\/strong><\/td>\n\u65e0\u6743\u9650<\/td>\n\u65e0\u6743\u9650<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                      \n
                      \u5173\u952e\u89c4\u5219<\/strong>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u6587\u4ef6\u9700\u76ee\u5f55\u5199+\u6267\u884c<\/strong>\u6743\u9650<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                      \u56db\u3001umask\u539f\u7406<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                      umask 022        # \u9ed8\u8ba4\u8bbe\u7f6e\n# \u6587\u4ef6\u6743\u9650 = 666 - umask \u2192 644 (rw-r--r--)\n# \u76ee\u5f55\u6743\u9650 = 777 - umask \u2192 755 (rwxr-xr-x)\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
                      \u6c38\u4e45\u751f\u6548<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n
                      echo "umask 027" >> ~\/.bashrc\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
                      \n
                      VIM\u9ad8\u6548\u7f16\u8f91\u6307\u5357<\/h3>\n
                      \u4e00\u3001\u6838\u5fc3\u64cd\u4f5c<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                      graph TB\nA[\u547d\u4ee4\u6a21\u5f0f] --> B[\u63d2\u5165\u6a21\u5f0f i]\nB --> A[ESC]\nA --> C[\u672b\u884c\u6a21\u5f0f :]\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
                      \u4e8c\u3001\u9ad8\u9891\u547d\u4ee4<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \u529f\u80fd<\/strong><\/th>\n\u547d\u4ee4<\/strong><\/th>\n\u8bf4\u660e<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      \u641c\u7d22<\/strong><\/td>\n\/pattern<\/code><\/td>\n\u5411\u4e0b\u641c\u7d22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      <\/td>\n?pattern<\/code><\/td>\n\u5411\u4e0a\u641c\u7d22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u66ff\u6362<\/strong><\/td>\n:%s\/old\/new\/gc<\/code><\/td>\n\u5168\u5c40\u786e\u8ba4\u66ff\u6362<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u884c\u53f7<\/strong><\/td>\n:set nu<\/code><\/td>\n\u663e\u793a\u884c\u53f7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u4fdd\u5b58\u9000\u51fa<\/strong><\/td>\n:wq<\/code> \u6216 ZZ<\/code><\/td>\n\u4fdd\u5b58\u9000\u51fa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      \u52a0\u5bc6<\/strong><\/td>\n:X<\/code><\/td>\n\u8bbe\u7f6e\u5bc6\u7801<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                      \u4e09\u3001\u591a\u6587\u4ef6\u64cd\u4f5c<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                      :split file2.c    # \u6c34\u5e73\u5206\u5272\n:vsplit lib.h     # \u5782\u76f4\u5206\u5272\nCtrl+w \u2192          # \u5207\u6362\u7a97\u53e3\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
                      \n
                      \u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177\u7bb1<\/h3>\n
                      \u4e00\u3001\u67e5\u770b\u5de5\u5177<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
                      \u547d\u4ee4<\/strong><\/th>\n\u529f\u80fd<\/strong><\/th>\n\u793a\u4f8b<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
                      cat<\/code><\/td>\n\u62fc\u63a5\u663e\u793a<\/td>\ncat -n file<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      tac<\/code><\/td>\n\u9006\u5411\u884c\u5e8f<\/td>\ntac log.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      rev<\/code><\/td>\n\u9006\u5411\u884c\u5185\u5b57\u7b26<\/td>\nrev password.txt<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
                      more<\/code><\/td>\n\u5206\u9875\u67e5\u770b<\/td>\nmore \/var\/log\/syslog<\/code><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
                      \u4e8c\u3001\u622a\u53d6\u5de5\u5177<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                      head -c 100 data.bin   # \u524d100\u5b57\u8282\ntail -f app.log        # \u5b9e\u65f6\u8ffd\u8e2a\u65e5\u5fd7\n<\/code><\/pre>\n
                      \u4e09\u3001\u5904\u7406\u5de5\u5177<\/strong><\/h4>\n
                        \n
                      1. \n
                        \u6392\u5e8f\u53bb\u91cd<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n
                        sort -u data.txt | uniq -c\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
                      2. \n
                        \u5217\u63d0\u53d6<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n
                        cut -d: -f1,3 \/etc\/passwd  # \u63d0\u53d6\u7528\u6237\u540d\u548cUID\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
                      3. \n
                        \u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n
                        echo {1..100..2} | tr ' ' '+' | bc  # \u8ba1\u7b971-100\u5947\u6570\u548c\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                        \n
                        \u751f\u4ea7\u6280\u5de7<\/strong>\uff1a
                        \n\u4f7f\u7528 cut --output-delimiter="|"<\/code> \u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u8f93\u51fa\u5206\u9694\u7b26<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n
                        \n
                        \u5b8c\u6574\u77e5\u8bc6\u4f53\u7cfb\u8bf4\u660e<\/h3>\n
                          \n
                        1. \u786c\u94fe\u63a5\/\u8f6f\u94fe\u63a5<\/strong>\uff1a\u7269\u7406\u5c42\u5230\u903b\u8f91\u5c42\u6df1\u5ea6\u5bf9\u6bd4<\/li>\n
                        2. \u6743\u9650\u4f53\u7cfb<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ece\u5b89\u5168\u6a21\u578b\u5230\u5b9e\u64cd\u547d\u4ee4<\/li>\n
                        3. VIM\u4e13\u4e1a\u6280\u5de7<\/strong>\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u591a\u7a97\u53e3\u3001\u52a0\u5bc6\u7b49\u9ad8\u7ea7\u529f\u80fd<\/li>\n
                        4. \u6587\u672c\u5904\u7406<\/strong>\uff1a\u8986\u76d6\u67e5\u770b\/\u622a\u53d6\/\u5206\u6790\u5168\u573a\u666f<\/li>\n
                        5. \u89c6\u89c9\u8f85\u52a9<\/strong>\uff1aMermaid\u56fe\u8868 + \u8868\u683c\u5feb\u901f\u53c2\u8003<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                          \u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u4e25\u683c\u4fdd\u7559\u539f\u59cb\u6280\u672f\u7ec6\u8282\uff0c\u4f18\u5316\u903b\u8f91\u7ed3\u6784\u63d0\u5347\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\uff01<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
                          <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-83","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/83","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=83"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/83\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":84,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/83\/revisions\/84"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=83"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=83"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zhangjianjia.xyz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=83"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}